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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Test for Homogeneity01:23

Test for Homogeneity

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The goodness–of–fit test can be used to decide whether a population fits a given distribution, but it will not suffice to decide whether two populations follow the same unknown distribution. A different test, called the test for homogeneity, can be used to conclude whether two populations have the same distribution. To calculate the test statistic for a test for homogeneity, follow the same procedure as with the test of independence. The hypotheses for the test for homogeneity can...
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Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

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Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy on a Semiconductor Based Next-Generation Sequencing Platform
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Comparisons of tests for aneuploidy.

J M Parry1, E M Parry

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Great Britain.

Mutation Research
|December 1, 1987
PubMed
Summary

Detecting chemicals that induce aneuploidy (changes in chromosome number) is complex due to diverse cellular targets and species differences. A combination of predictive tests is essential for accurate risk assessment of aneugenic chemicals.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Assay systems for detecting aneugenic chemicals face challenges from diverse cellular targets and interspecies variations in cell division and metabolism.
  • Aneuploidy, or abnormal chromosome number, can arise from various cellular perturbations, necessitating multifaceted detection methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and current methodologies in developing assay systems for detecting aneugenic chemicals.
  • To emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach using a battery of tests for accurate risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Cytological analysis, including karyotypic analysis, to detect changes in chromosome number.
  • Specialized strains for observing aneuploid progeny through phenotypic differences.

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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy
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Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis
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  • In vitro studies of tubulin polymerization and cellular organelle function during cell division.

    • Main Results:

    • Various assay systems show potential for detecting chromosome number changes or causal events leading to aneuploidy.
    • Detection methods range from direct cytological observation to molecular and cellular functional assays.

    Conclusions:

    • The complexity of aneuploidy induction mechanisms and interspecies differences make a single assay system insufficient for chemical risk assessment.
    • Optimal screening requires a strategic selection of diverse predictive tests to measure the damaging effects of aneuploidy induction.