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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner
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Why locking plates for the proximal humerus do not fit well.

Hyungsuk Kim1, Yang-Guk Chung2, Ji Seok Jang1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021 Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, 03312, Republic of Korea.

Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
|November 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Proximal humerus angles vary significantly, often exceeding plate angles, increasing risks for surgical complications. This study used 3D models to assess plate compatibility for better surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
3D printingCompatibilityLocking plateProximal humeral fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanical engineering
  • Medical imaging

Background:

  • Assessing the compatibility of surgical plates with proximal humerus anatomy is crucial for successful fracture repair.
  • Variations in proximal humerus morphology can impact implant fit and surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the compatibility of standard surgical plates with the complex anatomy of the proximal humerus using patient-specific 3D printed models.
  • To compare the native lateral angle of the proximal humerus with the bending angles of commonly used fixation plates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D computed tomography (CT) scans from 30 patients to create patient-specific 3D printed models of the proximal humerus.
  • Measured key anatomical parameters including the lateral angle, neck-shaft angle, and greater tuberosity (GT) height.
  • Assessed the fit of three different plate designs by measuring the gap between the plate and the GT on the 3D models.

Main Results:

  • The mean lateral angle of the proximal humerus (12.9° ± 2.2°) was significantly larger than the bending angles of the tested plates (8°-10°) in 98% of cases.
  • The height of the greater tuberosity was smaller than the plate height in 43% of cases.
  • A mean gap of 4.8 mm ± 2.8 mm was observed between the greater tuberosity and the plate when applied to the 3D models.

Conclusions:

  • Significant anatomical variations exist in the proximal humerus lateral angle, independent of the neck-shaft angle.
  • Standard surgical plates may not adequately conform to the native proximal humerus anatomy, potentially leading to varus reduction and medial collapse.
  • The use of 3D models highlights potential challenges in achieving optimal plate fit for proximal humerus fixation.