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The Pineal Gland01:02

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Phoenixin: More than Reproductive Peptide.

Maria Billert1, Agnieszka Rak2, Krzysztof W Nowak1

  • 1Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Phoenixin (PNX) is a neuropeptide regulating reproduction, CNS functions, and more. This review details its diverse biological roles and effects across multiple organ systems.

Keywords:
GPR173adipocytesc4orf52food intakemetabolismphoenixinreproductionsmim20thirst

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Phoenixin (PNX) is a neuropeptide derived from the Smim20 protein.
  • PNX exerts its biological functions through the GPR173 receptor.
  • PNX is found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pleiotropic effects of PNX.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on PNX's diverse biological functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on PNX.

Main Results:

  • PNX regulates the female reproductive system, including LH secretion, estrus cycle, and oocyte maturation.
  • PNX exhibits anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective effects.
  • PNX influences behavior, appetite, sensory perception, memory, and energy metabolism.
  • PNX acts on the heart, ovaries, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets.

Conclusions:

  • PNX is a pleiotropic peptide with significant roles in the CNS and reproductive system.
  • PNX has widespread effects on various physiological processes and organ systems.