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Related Concept Videos

Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
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Proteoglycans01:05

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Hyaluronan: Metabolism and Function.

Takashi Kobayashi1, Theerawut Chanmee2, Naoki Itano3

  • 1Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.

Biomolecules
|November 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyaluronan, a key extracellular matrix component, regulates cell functions and tissue architecture. Its metabolism, involving synthesis and degradation, impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cancer development.

Keywords:
biosynthesiscancerdegradationextracellular matrixhyaluronanmetabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology

Background:

  • Hyaluronan is a major polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix, crucial for tissue organization and cell functions like proliferation and migration.
  • Its metabolism, controlled by biosynthesis and degradation pathways, dictates tissue concentration, turnover rate, and molecular size.
  • Hyaluronan's diverse functions are linked to its molecular weight and concentration, influencing physiological and pathological events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on hyaluronan (HA) metabolism, including its biosynthesis and catabolism.
  • To describe the various functions of HA, emphasizing the roles of its metabolism.
  • To highlight recent findings on HA's impact on cellular metabolism and cancer progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on hyaluronan metabolism and function.
  • Analysis of genetic engineering and pharmacological studies.
  • Inclusion of recent metabolomic and cancer research findings.

Main Results:

  • Hyaluronan metabolism tightly regulates tissue architecture and cellular activities.
  • Altered hyaluronan metabolism, particularly accumulation, is implicated in cancer progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment.
  • Beyond extracellular roles, hyaluronan synthesis influences cellular functions through metabolic reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Hyaluronan metabolism is a critical determinant of diverse biological functions.
  • Understanding hyaluronan metabolism offers insights into physiological processes and diseases like cancer.
  • Further research into hyaluronan's metabolic regulatory roles is warranted.