GBE attenuates arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating E2F1-autophagy-E2F7a pathway and restoring lysosomal...

Arsenic is an environmental toxicant. Its overdose can cause liver damage. Autophagy has been reported to be involved in arsenite (iAs³⁺ ) cytotoxicity and plays a dual role in cell proliferation and cell death. However, the effect and molecular regulative mechanisms of iAs³⁺ on autophagy in hepatocytes remains largely unknown. Here, we found that iAs³⁺ exposure lead to hepatotoxicity by inducing autophagosome and autolysosome accumulation. On the one hand, iAs³⁺ promoted autophagosome synthesis by inhibiting E2F1/mTOR pathway in L-02 human hepatocytes. On the other, iAs³⁺ blocked autophagosome degradation partially via suppressing the expression of INPP5E and Rab7 as well as impairing lysosomal activity. More importantly, autophagosome and autolysosome accumulation induced by iAs³⁺ increased the protein level of E2F7a, which could further inhibit cell viability and induce apoptosis of L-02 cells. The treatment of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) effectively reduced autophagosome and autolysosome accumulation and thus alleviated iAs³⁺ -induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, GBE could also protect lysosomal activity, promote the phosphorylation level of E2F1 (Ser364 and Thr433) and Rb (Ser780) as well as suppress the protein level of E2F7a in iAs³⁺ -treated L-02 cells. Taken together, our data suggested that autophagosome and autophagolysosome accumulation play a critical role for iAs³⁺ -induced hepatotoxicity, and GBE is a promising candidate for intervening iAs³⁺ induced liver damage by regulating E2F1-autophagy-E2F7a pathway and restoring lysosomal activity.