Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

595
Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
595
Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

616
Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
616
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

3.0K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.0K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.4K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.4K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.0K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
4.0K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

3.8K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Peptide Marriages: Modular Assembly of Multi-Agonist Therapeutics.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Multicomponent Stapling of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Enables Receptor-Guided PROTAC Delivery.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Boosting peptide half-life: enabling efficient generation of Fc-peptide conjugates.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

On-resin assembly of cysteine-reactive linkers for controlled site-selective antibody bioconjugation.

Nature protocols·2026
Same author

Targeting a Pleckstrin Homology Domain with a Lysine-Reactive Covalent Binder.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Towards the targeted protein degradation of CK2: design and synthesis of CAM4066-based PROTACs.

Beilstein journal of organic chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
13:59

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Published on: December 12, 2013

6.5K

Photocatalytic methods for amino acid modification.

Thomas A King1, Jiyan Mandrup Kandemir, Stephen J Walsh

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. spring@ch.cam.ac.uk.

Chemical Society Reviews
|November 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Photocatalysis offers a mild and versatile method for modifying amino acids, expanding possibilities in chemistry and biology. This approach enables the modification of nearly all amino acids under physiological conditions.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: In Silico Creation and Impact of Carbonylated Amino Acids on Protein Structure and Function
05:57

Author Spotlight: In Silico Creation and Impact of Carbonylated Amino Acids on Protein Structure and Function

Published on: April 26, 2024

671
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

21.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
13:59

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Published on: December 12, 2013

6.5K
Author Spotlight: In Silico Creation and Impact of Carbonylated Amino Acids on Protein Structure and Function
05:57

Author Spotlight: In Silico Creation and Impact of Carbonylated Amino Acids on Protein Structure and Function

Published on: April 26, 2024

671
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
09:06

Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition

Published on: December 23, 2016

21.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Synthetic Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Amino acid modification is crucial in various scientific fields.
  • Existing methods often target only the most reactive amino acids.
  • Photocatalysis presents a novel, mild approach for amino acid modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the field of photocatalytic amino acid modification.
  • To review recent advancements in photocatalytic reactions for amino acids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing photocatalysis for amino acid modification.
  • Exploring reactions compatible with physiological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Photocatalysis enables modification of nearly all canonical amino acids.
  • Mild and physiologically compatible conditions are characteristic of these reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Photocatalytic modification broadens the scope of accessible amino acids.
  • This technique enhances the utility of amino acid modification in diverse applications.