Modification of radiation response by metal complexes: a review with emphasis of nonplatinum studies

There is a need to develop compounds which alter the effects of radiation, particularly in the hypoxic radioresistant cell, following the limited success to date of the electron-affinic nitroimidazoles. The chemistry of transition metals is briefly outlined to point out certain aspects which might be exploited in the design of radiosensitizers. The best known clinical example of a metal complex which enhances the effect of radiation in hypoxic cells is the successful antineoplastic cisplatin. Past studies on enhancement of radiation damage by complexes of metals other than platinum, mainly in bacterial spores and bacterial and mammalian cells, have been summarized according to the metal used. The many mechanisms by which metal complexes could interact with radiation are outlined, and examples are given where possible. This survey emphasizes the need for a systematic study of the effect of metal/ligand variation on radiosensitization with regard to mechanisms of action to assess the potential of these compounds as radiosensitizers. Metal complexes offer many advantages, both for the study of mechanisms by which radiation kills cells and for drug development.