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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Pressure-induced ionic to mixed ionic and electronic conduction transition in solid electrolyte LaF3.

Jia Wang1, Yalan Yan, Hao Liu

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China. hanyh@jlu.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|November 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High pressure transforms lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) from ionic to mixed ionic-electronic conduction. This change, driven by structural shifts, suppresses fluoride ion migration and conductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science under extreme conditions
  • Ionic conductivity in fluorides

Background:

  • Lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) is a promising solid electrolyte.
  • Understanding its behavior under pressure is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Ionic transport properties can be significantly altered by external stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ionic transport properties of LaF3 under high pressure.
  • To determine the pressure-induced phase transitions and their effect on conduction mechanisms.
  • To elucidate the relationship between structure, pressure, and ionic/electronic transport in LaF3.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic study using alternate-current impedance spectra measurements up to 30.6 GPa.
  • First-principles calculations to understand pressure-dependent diffusion behaviors.
  • Analysis of structural phase transitions from tysonite-type to anti-Cu3Ti-type structures.

Main Results:

  • LaF3 transitions from pure ionic to mixed ionic-electronic conduction at 15.0 GPa.
  • Pressure suppresses F- ion migration, decreasing ionic conductivity.
  • Pressure-induced structural phase transition to an anti-Cu3Ti-type structure is responsible for the conduction change.
  • First-principles calculations confirm pressure-dependent F- ion diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • High pressure fundamentally alters the conduction mechanism in LaF3.
  • The emergence of electronic conduction is linked to structural changes and electron cloud overlap.
  • These findings provide insights into designing solid electrolytes for high-pressure environments.