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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

1.1K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

449
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
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Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

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Status Epilepticus: Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology.

Emily L Johnson1, Peter W Kaplan1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Seminars in Neurology
|November 11, 2020
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Summary

Status epilepticus (SE) is a continuous seizure state, a medical emergency with high mortality risks. Prompt treatment is crucial as SE can become refractory, leading to severe outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as continuous or repetitive seizures.
  • SE can occur with or without convulsions.
  • Neuronal injury timing varies across SE types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the evolving understanding and clinical implications of Status Epilepticus.
  • To highlight the recognition of nonconvulsive SE in critical care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evolving definitions and clinical concepts of SE.
  • Discussion of refractory and super-refractory SE.
  • Emphasis on continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring.

Main Results:

  • SE is a neurologic emergency with significant mortality and morbidity risks.
  • Refractory and super-refractory SE present treatment challenges.
  • Nonconvulsive SE is increasingly detected in comatose patients via EEG.

Conclusions:

  • SE requires urgent recognition and management.
  • Continuous EEG monitoring improves diagnosis of nonconvulsive SE.
  • Understanding SE progression is key to mitigating adverse outcomes.