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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Vimentin protects differentiating stem cells from stress.

Sundararaghavan Pattabiraman1, Gajendra Kumar Azad2,3, Triana Amen1

  • 1Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.

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|November 12, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vimentin, a key intermediate filament, is crucial for cellular stress response and proper differentiation in embryonic stem cells, particularly for neuronal development. Its absence impairs stress granule management and cell differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vimentin is an early cytoplasmic intermediate filament in mammalian embryogenesis.
  • Its role in cellular fitness and organismal development has been unclear.
  • Vimentin is known for roles in cell stiffness, motility, and organization but often considered dispensable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of vimentin in cellular stress response during cell differentiation.
  • To determine vimentin's function in the management of protein aggregates and stress granules.
  • To elucidate vimentin's necessity for proper embryonic stem cell differentiation, especially neuronal lineage commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of vimentin's role in recruiting and partitioning cellular aggregates and stress granules.
  • Investigating the interaction of vimentin with RNA-binding proteins in differentiating cells.
  • Studying the differentiation capacity of vimentin-deficient pluripotent embryonic stem cells, focusing on neuronal differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Vimentin actively recruits cellular aggregates, stress granules, and RNA-binding proteins.
  • Vimentin directs the elimination and asymmetric partitioning of these cellular components.
  • Vimentin absence leads to impaired differentiation of embryonic stem cells, with a significant deficit in neuronal differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Vimentin plays a novel and critical role in the cellular stress response of differentiating cells.
  • Vimentin is essential for the proper management of stress granules and protein aggregates.
  • The findings highlight vimentin's importance in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and cellular stress resilience.