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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Published on: July 24, 2017

Current Techniques for Investigating the Brain Extracellular Space.

Federico N Soria^1,2, Cristina Miguelez^3,4, Olga Peñagarikano³

¹Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|November 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a dynamic, complex compartment crucial for brain function. Understanding its microarchitecture and transport properties requires diverse experimental techniques.

Keywords:

STED microscopy brain extracellular space brain parenchyma electron microscopy glymphatic system real-time iontophoresis single particle tracking super-resolution

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Biophysics

Background:

The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a complex network between brain cells.
Traditionally viewed as static, the ECS is now recognized for its dynamic roles in signaling and waste removal.
ECS microarchitecture is heterogeneous and influences transport at the nanoscale.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce experimental techniques for studying the brain ECS.
To highlight the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of various methods.
To emphasize the need for multiple techniques to fully understand ECS physiology.

Main Methods:

Review of established and emerging experimental techniques for ECS analysis.
Inclusion of gold-standard methods and cutting-edge super-resolution microscopy.
Focus on techniques applicable to diverse spatial and temporal scales.

Main Results:

ECS geometry significantly impacts local diffusion and transport.
A wide array of techniques exists, each with specific applicability.
No single method can fully elucidate ECS functions.

Conclusions:

The ECS is a highly complex and dynamic compartment.
Understanding the ECS requires a multi-technique approach.
Further research using diverse methodologies is essential to uncover the full physiological roles of the ECS.