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Is Cross-Reactive Immunity Triggering COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis?

Alberto Beretta1, Martin Cranage2, Donato Zipeto3

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PubMed
Summary

Cross-reactive immunity from common human coronaviruses (hCoVs) may influence SARS-CoV-2 responses, potentially worsening COVID-19 outcomes. This cross-reactivity has implications for developing effective vaccines and therapies.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2antibody-dependent enhancementcross-reactivityhuman coronavirusesimmunopathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Serological responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 suggest priming by other human coronaviruses (hCoVs).
  • Early immune responses in SARS and COVID-19 can correlate with poorer clinical outcomes.
  • Cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses are observed in SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the role of cross-reactive immunity in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
  • To explore implications for immune-based therapies and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and hCoV cross-reactivity.
  • Analysis of serological and T cell data in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
  • Consideration of non-human primate vaccine studies.

Main Results:

  • Cross-reactive hCoV antibody responses are present in SARS and COVID-19 patients.
  • Pre-existing T cell immunity to common cold coronaviruses may prime SARS-CoV-2 responses.
  • SARS-CoV-1 S-protein vaccine antibodies were linked to lung injury in macaques.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-reactive immunity may contribute to COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity is crucial for developing safe and effective vaccines and therapies against SARS-CoV-2.