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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
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Metacognition of average face perception.

Luyan Ji1,2, William G Hayward3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. luyanji.psy@hotmail.com.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|November 12, 2020
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Summary

People lack insight into how they perceive average faces, especially when identifying individual members. Metacognition about face averaging improves when explicitly identifying the average face, not its components.

Keywords:
Face perceptionPerceptual categorization and identificationVisual awareness

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Humans can extract summary statistics from simultaneous stimuli.
  • Ensemble coding, the process of extracting summary statistics, is not fully understood.
  • Metacognition, or awareness of one's own cognitive processes, is crucial for understanding perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metacognition specifically related to average face perception.
  • To determine if individuals are aware of their own accuracy when judging average faces.
  • To explore the influence of stimulus duration on metacognitive insight into face averaging.

Main Methods:

  • Participants viewed sets of four faces for 2 or 5 seconds.
  • Experiment 1: Judged if a test face was in the presented set.
  • Experiment 2: Judged if a test face was the average of the presented set.
  • Confidence ratings were collected after each judgment.

Main Results:

  • Participants incorrectly endorsed average faces not present in Experiment 1.
  • Positive confidence-accuracy correlation for recognizing previously seen faces.
  • Negative confidence-accuracy correlation for judging average faces at 2s, near-zero at 5s.
  • Above-chance performance and positive confidence-accuracy correlation when explicitly identifying average faces in Experiment 2.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals possess metacognitive awareness of average face perception when explicit identification is required.
  • Metacognitive insight into the averaging process is lacking when the task involves identifying individual member faces.
  • Stimulus duration influences metacognitive accuracy in judging average faces.