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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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ADHD in Children: Common Questions and Answers.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental condition impacting U.S. children. Early diagnosis and treatment, including psychosocial interventions and medication, are crucial for managing ADHD symptoms and improving function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Pediatric behavioral health
  • Child psychology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition affecting 8.4% of U.S. children.
  • Untreated ADHD can lead to long-term morbidity and affect school and social functioning.
  • Evaluation often starts with parental concerns presented to primary care physicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic process for ADHD in children.
  • To describe recommended treatment strategies for ADHD.
  • To emphasize the importance of ongoing management and follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive history and physical examination to rule out mimicking conditions.
  • Utilizing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria.
  • Employing validated screening tools completed by parents, teachers, and other adults.

Main Results:

  • Psychosocial interventions are first-line for preschoolers and adjunct for older children/adolescents.
  • Stimulant medications are effective for elementary school children and adolescents.
  • Nonstimulant medications serve as alternatives when stimulants are not tolerated or effective.

Conclusions:

  • Effective ADHD management requires a multi-faceted approach.
  • Treatment goals include symptom reduction and enhanced social/cognitive function.
  • Regular follow-up is essential for monitoring symptoms, function, comorbidities, and treatment effects.