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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Thyroid Function Before, During, and After COVID-19.

Bernard Khoo1, Tricia Tan2, Sophie A Clarke2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 typically causes mild thyroid function changes, similar to nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Thyroid function tests in survivors of COVID-19 returned to baseline levels post-recovery.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2thyroid functionthyroid gland

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid axis is not well understood, with conflicting reports on thyroid function.
  • Evidence ranges from thyrotoxicosis to suppressed thyroid function in COVID-19 patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the acute effects of COVID-19 on thyroid function.
  • To determine if these thyroid function alterations persist after recovery from COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort observational study included adult patients admitted with suspected COVID-19.
  • Thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were measured at admission, and for some, at baseline (2019) and follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Most COVID-19 patients (86.6%) were euthyroid upon admission; none had overt thyrotoxicosis.
  • COVID-19 patients showed lower TSH and FT4 levels at admission compared to non-COVID-19 patients.
  • In COVID-19 survivors, TSH levels recovered to baseline by follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 primarily results in euthyroidism with mild TSH and FT4 reductions, consistent with nonthyroidal illness syndrome.
  • Thyroid function in COVID-19 survivors normalized by the follow-up period.