Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

9.7K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
9.7K
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

9.2K
Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
9.2K
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

13.6K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
13.6K
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

3.8K
The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
3.8K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

14.4K
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
14.4K
What are Lipids?01:31

What are Lipids?

10.3K
Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial to all living organisms.  The three biologically important classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Non-Polar and Hydrophobic Characteristics of Lipids
Lipids are a structurally and functionally diverse group of hydrocarbons—compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and...
10.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polymorphism analysis of estrogen receptor β Gene RsaI and AluI in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty: investigating the relationship and implications for early risk prediction.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2026
Same author

A sulfated manno-glucuronan ameliorates β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes by targeting ALDH1A3.

Carbohydrate polymers·2026
Same author

Downfield magnetic resonance signals serve as endogenous imaging biomarkers of nucleotide metabolism in glioma.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Dapansutrile preserves pancreatic beta-cell function by regulating insulin vesicle membrane fusion and mitochondrial homeostasis.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same author

A balance between glycitein and glyceollins governed by isoflavone 6-hydroxylase confers soybean resistance to <i>Phytophthora sojae</i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Structural assembly of maize CRY-GL2 photosignaling complex provides insights into its regulatory role in cuticular wax biosynthesis.

Science advances·2025
Same journal

Iron and lipid dysregulation as key determinants of ferroptosis in cardiometabolic disease.

Progress in lipid research·2026
Same journal

5,6-epoxycholestanols metabolism and functions: Defining the epoxycholestanoid (EChA) family.

Progress in lipid research·2026
Same journal

Oxysterols and bile acids - From intertwined biosynthesis to combined quantification.

Progress in lipid research·2026
Same journal

Plasma membrane lipids at plant-pathogen interfaces: Regulators of immunity and susceptibility.

Progress in lipid research·2026
Same journal

Nature, functions and trafficking of membrane lipids to support autophagosome formation in plant cells.

Progress in lipid research·2026
Same journal

State-of-the-art on absorption mechanisms and factors affecting the bioavailability of preformed vitamin A.

Progress in lipid research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:40

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

233

Structural insights into phospholipase D function.

Yuanfa Yao1, Jianxu Li2, Yinyan Lin1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

Progress in Lipid Research
|November 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes and their product phosphatidic acid (PA) are crucial in cell function and disease. Understanding PLD structures reveals insights into their interactions and regulation, highlighting their potential as drug targets.

Keywords:
Crystal structureHKD domainPhosphatidic acidPhospholipase D

More Related Videos

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

15.3K
PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
10:58

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 30, 2025

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:40

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

233
Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

15.3K
PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
10:58

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are implicated in diverse cellular functions and diseases.
  • PLDs are recognized as promising therapeutic targets due to their roles in various physiological and pathological processes.
  • Recent advancements in structural biology have provided high-resolution crystal structures of mammalian and plant PLDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the sequence and structural characteristics of different PLD isoforms.
  • To elucidate the structural mechanisms underlying PLD interactions with binding partners.
  • To discuss the functional roles of key domains in regulating PLD activation and catalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of PLD sequences and structures across different species.
  • Review of published crystallographic data for mammalian and plant PLDs.
  • Integration of structural findings with biochemical and functional studies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed comparison of structural features among various PLD isoforms.
  • Identification of key domains and their specific functions in PLD regulation.
  • Mechanistic insights into how PLDs bind to their substrates and interact with regulatory proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights into PLDs are critical for understanding their diverse functions.
  • The solved crystal structures provide a foundation for rational drug design targeting PLDs.
  • Further research into PLD structure-function relationships will advance therapeutic strategies.