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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Symmetry01:26

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The equation of an ellipse centered at the origin defines all points whose distances from the center maintain a constant ratio between the horizontal and vertical axes. This equation results in a smooth, closed curve that extends further along the x-axis than the y-axis, giving it a horizontal orientation. Such an ellipse demonstrates three kinds of symmetry: across the x-axis, across the y-axis, and about the origin. These symmetries are essential in understanding the graph's structure and...
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Crossing Over01:34

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Crossing Over01:30

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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[Chiasmatic syndrome].

R Touzé1, D Bremond-Gignac1, M P Robert1

  • 1Service d'ophtalmologie de l'hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, faculté de médecine, université de Paris, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie
|November 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the optic chiasm

Keywords:
AnatomieAnatomyBitemporal hemianopiaChamp visuelChiasmChiasmaHypophyseHémianopsie bitemporaleImagerie par résonnance magnétiqueMagnetic resonance imagingOptic pathwaysPituitary glandVisual fieldVoies optiques

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • The optic chiasm is crucial for visual pathway organization and stereoscopic vision.
  • Retinal ganglion cell fiber arrangement dictates chiasmal syndrome signs.
  • Tumors and compression are primary causes of chiasmal syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the embryology, anatomy, and work-up principles of chiasmal syndrome.
  • To synthesize the diverse etiologies of chiasmal syndrome.
  • To correlate visual field defects with imaging findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing knowledge on optic chiasm anatomy and function.
  • Analysis of the relationship between retinal ganglion cell fiber organization and visual field defects.
  • Discussion of common causes and diagnostic approaches for chiasmal syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Optic chiasm anatomy explains chiasmal syndrome manifestations.
  • Mapping of ganglion cell fibers within the chiasm is possible.
  • Pituitary region proximity contributes to frequent chiasmal syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive knowledge of optic chiasm anatomy is vital for diagnosing and managing chiasmal syndrome.
  • Understanding fiber organization aids in correlating clinical signs with imaging.
  • Ophthalmologists play a key role in managing visual pathway dysfunction and complications.