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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Sharpless Epoxidation

Sharpless Epoxidation

The conversion of allylic alcohols into epoxides using the chiral catalyst was discovered by K. Barry Sharpless and is known as Sharpless epoxidation. The use of a chiral catalyst enables the formation of one enantiomer of the product in excess. This chiral catalyst is mainly a chiral complex of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tartrate ester (specific stereoisomer). The stereoisomer used in the chiral catalyst dictates the formation of the enantiomer of the product. In other words, the use of...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

Most enzymes...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Particle Templated Emulsification enables Microfluidic-Free Droplet Assays

Particle Templated Emulsification enables Microfluidic-Free Droplet Assays

Published on: March 9, 2021

Catalysis in Pickering emulsions.

Ana Maria Bago Rodriguez¹, Bernard P Binks

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. b.p.binks@hull.ac.uk a.bago-rodriguez@hull.ac.uk.

|November 13, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pickering emulsions offer eco-friendly catalysis with high efficiency and easy catalyst recovery. This review highlights recent innovations in particle-stabilized systems for greener chemical processes.

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Green Chemistry

Background:

Particle-stabilised or Pickering emulsions are increasingly used in catalysis.
They offer environmentally friendly reaction pathways with high conversions and selectivities.
Advantages include simplified catalyst recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent innovations in Pickering emulsion applications for catalysis.
To provide an overview of liquid phases, particle stabilizers, and catalytic reactions.
To discuss catalyst recovery methods and flow/cascade systems.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on Pickering emulsion catalysis.
Categorization of emulsion components (liquid phases, particle stabilizers).
Analysis of catalytic reactions and catalyst recovery techniques.

Main Results:

Pickering emulsions enable efficient and selective catalytic reactions.
Various solid particle stabilizers and liquid phases are utilized.
Stimuli-responsive methods facilitate catalyst recovery.
Application in flow and multi-step cascade systems is demonstrated.

Conclusions:

Pickering emulsions represent a significant advancement in sustainable catalysis.
Their versatility supports diverse catalytic reactions and efficient recovery.
The technology shows strong potential for industrial process integration.