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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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[Bacteriophage Therapy of Urological Infections].

T S Perepanova1, D S Merinov1, A V Kazachenko1

  • 1N.A. Lopatkin Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Moscow, Russia.

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|November 13, 2020
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Summary

Bacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating infections, especially with rising antibiotic resistance. This review covers phage mechanisms, history, and clinical applications, including a 30-year experience in urological infections.

Keywords:
bacteriophage therapybacteriophagesphages

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat, necessitating alternative antimicrobial strategies.
  • Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and represent a potential alternative to antibiotics.
  • Phage therapy has a long history but requires further research and clinical validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive literature review on bacteriophage therapy for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of action, bacterial resistance, and historical context of phage therapy.
  • To present clinical experience with bacteriophage cocktails in urological infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bacteriophage therapy.
  • Analysis of virulent and temperate phage characteristics.
  • Review of bacterial resistance mechanisms to phages.
  • Examination of pharmacokinetic data for oral phage administration.
  • Description of 30 years of clinical experience with bacteriophage cocktails.

Main Results:

  • Bacteriophages exhibit specific lytic activity against bacteria.
  • Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phages exist but can be overcome.
  • Phage therapy has a historical precedent and ongoing research interest.
  • Clinical use of bacteriophage cocktails shows potential in treating urological infections.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage therapy is a viable alternative to antibiotics, particularly in the face of antibiotic resistance.
  • Further research into phage mechanisms, resistance, and clinical efficacy is warranted.
  • Phage cocktails offer a promising approach for managing urological and other infectious diseases.