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Endocarditis III: Medical Management

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Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

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Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
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Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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An update on the microbiome in vasculitis.

Shahna Tariq1, Alison H Clifford

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|November 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The microbiome may play a role in systemic vasculitis. Research shows reduced microbial diversity and increased pathogenic bacteria in patients, with potential normalization after treatment, but cause and effect remain unclear.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Systemic vasculitides encompass a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels.
  • The role of the microbiome in autoimmune diseases is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the microbiome's presence and function in systemic vasculitides.
  • To explore the potential link between microbial dysbiosis and vasculitis pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational and cross-sectional studies on microbiomes in vasculitis patients.
  • Analysis of studies examining gastrointestinal, nasal, pulmonary, and vascular microbiomes.
  • Inclusion of limited longitudinal data assessing microbiome changes with disease activity and treatment.

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Main Results:

  • Microbiomic data is available for small, medium, and large vessel vasculitis.
  • Reduced microbial diversity and dysbiosis are frequently observed in vasculitis patients.
  • Patients with active vasculitis often exhibit more pathogenic and fewer commensal bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Dysbiosis and reduced microbial diversity are hallmarks in vasculitis patients.
  • While microbiomes may normalize with treatment, causality is not established.
  • Further longitudinal and translational studies are essential to elucidate the microbiome's role in vasculitis development.