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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

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SnapShot: APC/T Cell Immune Checkpoints.

Scott H Shrager1, Christina Kiel1

  • 1Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

Cell
|November 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoints regulate self-tolerance and immune responses. Harnessing these checkpoints shows promise for treating autoimmune diseases and cancers by modulating T cell activity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoints are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and controlling immune responses.
  • Dysregulation of immune checkpoints is implicated in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
  • Targeting immune checkpoints has emerged as a successful therapeutic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate immune checkpoint interactions.
  • To focus on antigen-presenting cell (APC)-mediated T cell modulation.
  • To provide a visual overview (SnapShot) of these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on immune checkpoints.
  • Focus on interactions involving antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • Visual representation of T cell modulation pathways.

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Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells KaAPC for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells
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Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells KaAPC for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Last Updated: Nov 30, 2025

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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Published on: December 29, 2012

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Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells KaAPC for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells
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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Main Results:

  • Detailed illustration of known immune checkpoint interactions.
  • Emphasis on the role of APCs in modulating T cell responses.
  • Identification of key regulatory points in T cell activation and inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoints are vital regulators of immune responses.
  • APC-mediated T cell modulation is a key area for therapeutic intervention.
  • Understanding these interactions is critical for developing novel treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders.