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Being superficial: a developmental viewpoint on cortical layer 1 wiring.

Ioana Genescu1, Sonia Garel2

  • 1Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|November 13, 2020
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Summary

The superficial layer 1 (L1) of the neocortex is crucial for brain function, but its developmental wiring remains unclear. This review integrates knowledge on L1 anatomy, function, and development, focusing on Cajal-Retzius neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cortical Circuitry

Background:

  • Neocortical circuit function is vital for cognition and relies on balanced excitation/inhibition.
  • Imbalances in neocortical excitation/inhibition are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Superficial layer 1 (L1) is a critical input zone for cortical circuits, regulating cerebral functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrated overview of the anatomy, function, and development of the neocortical layer 1 (L1).
  • To highlight the role of transient, early-born Cajal-Retzius neurons in L1 development.
  • To identify key open questions for advancing the understanding of L1 circuitry.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on L1.
  • Focus on developmental aspects, particularly the contribution of Cajal-Retzius neurons.
  • Analysis of anatomical, functional, and developmental data.

Main Results:

  • L1 contains significant local and long-range inputs and sparse inhibitory interneurons.
  • Evidence suggests L1 plays important physiological roles in cortical function.
  • The developmental wiring of L1, especially involving Cajal-Retzius neurons, is understudied.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding L1 development is crucial for comprehending neocortical circuit formation and function.
  • Cajal-Retzius neurons are key players in L1 development, despite their transient nature.
  • Further research into L1's developmental mechanisms is essential for addressing neurodevelopmental disorders.