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Diving Accident Evacuations by Helicopter and Immersion Pulmonary Edema
Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
|November 14, 2020
Summary
Helicopter evacuation is crucial for serious scuba diving accidents, especially immersion pulmonary edema (IPE), which is a leading cause of death. Early intervention improves survival rates for these critical dive injuries.
Area of Science:
- Emergency Medicine
- Diving Medicine
- Aeromedical Evacuation
Background:
- Scuba diving accidents necessitate rapid medical intervention, often requiring hospitalization.
- Helicopters are vital for timely evacuation of divers from offshore or remote locations.
- French Navy Dauphin and EC 135 helicopters are utilized for emergency dive accident response on the Mediterranean coast.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze diving accidents evacuated by helicopter on the French Mediterranean coast.
- To identify the primary causes and outcomes of helicopter-evacuated diving incidents.
- To assess the role of helicopter evacuation in managing severe dive-related emergencies.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of helicopter-evacuated diving accidents.
- Data collected from September 2014 to August 2016.
- Involved the Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, French Navy, and emergency medical services.
Main Results:
- 23 offshore and 23 landing zone evacuations were performed.
- Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) was identified in one-third of cases with known causes.
- IPE was linked to over half of dive-site fatalities and a quarter of IPE victims suffered cardiac arrest.
Conclusions:
- Helicopter evacuation is indicated for dive accidents with critical vital or neurological prognoses.
- Immersion pulmonary edema is a primary, life-threatening condition benefiting from rapid helicopter transport.
- Non-invasive ventilation with positive expiratory pressure is recommended for IPE management during evacuation.
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