Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
Published on: August 22, 2025
The C0-C2 axial rotation test - Reliability and correlation with the flexion rotation test in people with
Kiran H Satpute1, Krisha Parekh1, Toby M Hall2
1Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy, Pune, Maharashatra, India.
Objectives:
The C0-C2 axial rotation test is a measure of upper cervical range of motion (UCROM), reported to be reliable in a headache free population. The objective was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the C0-C2 axial rotation test in people with a diagnosis of cervicogenic headache (CGH) or episodic migraine.
Methods:
Two therapists independently evaluated UCROM during the C0-C2 axial rotation test and flexion-rotation test (FRT) with an iPhone in 70 subjects (mean age 37.7 SD 11.6 years) with a diagnosis of CGH (35 subjects) or episodic migraine (35 subjects) on two occasions. Measurement procedures were standardized; and the order of testing randomized.
Results:
Reliability of the C0-C2 axial rotation test was moderate to high (ICC > 0.70). The standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change for this test were at most 2°. In subjects with CGH mean UCROM to the most restricted side was 9.3° (1.9) and 8.8° (2.1) for rater 1 and 2 respectively. While in patients with episodic migraine mean UCROM to the restricted side was 13.7° (1.6) and 13.6° (2.0) for rater 1 and 2 respectively.
Discussion:
The C0-C2 axial rotation test has at least moderate levels of reliability and correlates well with mobility determined by the FRT.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Articulations of the Vertebral Column
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical...
Muscles that Move the Head
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

