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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Exploring m6A and m5C Epitranscriptomes upon Viral Infection: an Example with HIV

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The epitranscriptome beyond m⁶A.

David Wiener¹, Schraga Schwartz²

¹Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Nature Reviews. Genetics

|November 14, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The epitranscriptome, encompassing over 170 RNA modifications, is crucial for regulating mRNA fate. This review details six key modifications beyond N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), exploring their detection, function, and evolutionary origins.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
RNA Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Over 170 distinct chemical modifications constitute the epitranscriptome, influencing RNA function.
N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is a well-studied mRNA modification with significant regulatory roles.
Emerging research highlights the importance of other epitranscriptional modifications beyond m⁶A.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on six key RNA modifications: pseudouridine (Ψ), 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C), N¹-methyladenosine (m¹A), N⁴-acetylcytidine (ac⁴C), ribose methylations (Nm), and N⁷-methylguanosine (m⁷G).
To discuss the detection, distribution, abundance, biogenesis, functions, and mechanisms of action of these modifications.
To analyze technical challenges leading to inconsistencies in research findings and compare these modifications to m⁶A.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on RNA modifications.
Comparative analysis of detection, distribution, and abundance data.
Discussion of biogenesis pathways and functional roles.
Exploration of evolutionary origins and acquisition of functions.

Main Results:

Detailed overview of six specific RNA modifications (Ψ, m⁵C, m¹A, ac⁴C, Nm, m⁷G).
Identification of technical and analytical challenges impacting research conclusions.
Comparison of these modifications with m⁶A, highlighting similarities and differences.
Speculation on the evolutionary trajectory and functional diversification of epitranscriptional marks.

Conclusions:

The epitranscriptome is a complex layer of gene regulation with diverse modifications beyond m⁶A.
Technical standardization is needed for accurate characterization of RNA modifications.
Understanding these modifications offers insights into RNA fate, function, and evolution.