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Updated: Nov 30, 2025

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts
Published on: February 5, 2014
p-Adic mathematics and theoretical biology
Branko Dragovich1, Andrei Yu Khrennikov2, Sergei V Kozyrev3
1Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Mathematical Institute, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
Abstract:
The principal objective of this article is a brief overview of the main parts of p-adic mathematics, which have already had valuable applications and may have a significant impact in the near future on the further development of some fields of theoretical and mathematical biology. In particular, we present the basics of ultrametrics, p-adic numbers and p-adic analysis, as well as insight into their applications for modeling some cognitive processes, genetic code and protein dynamics. We also argue that ultrametric concepts and p-adic mathematics are natural tools for the viable description of biological systems and phenomena with a hierarchical structure.
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