Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Limitations of Variational Laplace-Based Dynamic Causal Modelling for Multistable Cortical Circuits.

Neuroinformatics·2026

Same author

Enhanced 40 and 80 Hz Auditory Steady State Responses in Patients with Idiopathic Tinnitus.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2025

Same author

Modulation of Auditory Cortex Activity in Salicylate-Induced Tinnitus Rats via Deep Brain Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus.

Brain and behavior·2025

Same author

Effective connectivity predicts distributed neural coding of perceptual decision confidence, uncertainty, and speed.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025

Same author

Molecular and behavioral effects of Acamprosate in male rats with sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus.

Behavioural brain research·2024

Same author

Alterations in Neuroligin-2 and BDNF proteins associated with anxiety-like behavior in salicylate-induced tinnitus rats.

IBRO neuroscience reports·2024

Same journal

Synaptic micromechanics and brain softening as a mechanobiological hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same journal

The relationship between healthy sleep patterns and the risk of scoliosis: a large prospective cohort study.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same journal

Dynamic functional reorganization in post-stroke aphasia: a state-of-the-art fMRI review from disease evolution to intervention.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same journal

Correction: Case Report: A possible novel adult-onset, progressive MAO-A hypofunction.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same journal

Respiratory modulation of neurophysiology and symptoms in athletes with sports-related concussion: a randomized crossover trial.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same journal

Impact of C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose and systemic immune-inflammation indices on obstructive sleep apnea in older adults with depression.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Aberrant Frequency Related Change-Detection Activity in Chronic Tinnitus.

Abdoreza Asadpour¹, Mehran Jahed¹, Saeid Mahmoudian^2,3

¹School of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|November 16, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tinnitus perception may stem from auditory memory deficits. This study found altered mismatch negativity (MMN) responses in tinnitus patients, suggesting reduced brain change detection capabilities, particularly near tinnitus frequencies.

Keywords:

change detection echoic memory electroencephalogram mismatch negativity multi-feature paradigm sensory-memory hypothesis tinnitus

More Related Videos

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

Published on: October 16, 2012

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 30, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

Published on: October 16, 2012

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Auditory Neuroscience
Neurophysiology
Psychoacoustics

Background:

Tinnitus is characterized by sound perception without external stimuli, potentially linked to auditory memory deficits.
Mismatch negativity (MMN) measures the brain's automatic response to auditory changes, offering insights into auditory processing.
Previous research suggests differences in MMN between individuals with and without tinnitus, but findings vary.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate differences in MMN responses between normal hearing (NH) and tinnitus groups using a multi-feature auditory paradigm.
To examine MMN peak amplitudes at 1 kHz and 5 kHz central frequencies, exploring subcomponent differences.
To assess within-group and between-group variations in MMN to understand auditory change detection in tinnitus.

Main Methods:

Auditory multi-feature paradigm to elicit MMN, assessing responses to various deviants (frequency, intensity, duration, location, gap).
Measurement of MMN peak amplitude at frontal and supratemporal components at 1 kHz and 5 kHz central frequencies.
Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) tests to confirm normal hearing in the NH group and rule out significant hearing loss in the tinnitus group.

Main Results:

No significant differences in PTA or DPOAE between NH and tinnitus groups.
Tinnitus group showed less negative MMN peak amplitudes in the frontal subcomponent compared to NH.
Supratemporal component at 5 kHz showed lower MMN amplitudes in the tinnitus group; at 1 kHz, significant differences were observed for most deviants.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest reduced change detection capabilities in the auditory cortex of individuals with tinnitus.
Stimuli frequencies near perceived tinnitus frequencies may decrease prediction error, potentially increasing tinnitus occurrence probability.
Results align with predictive coding models, indicating altered neural processing in the auditory pathway contributes to tinnitus perception.