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Language Development

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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Taxonomy

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Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
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The hierarchy that Carolus Linnaeus first...

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Eleven-Month-Olds Link Sound Properties With Animal Categories.

Ena Vukatana¹, Michelle S Zepeda¹, Nina Anderson¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Frontiers in Psychology

|November 16, 2020

Summary

Eleven-month-olds can generalize animal sounds to new category members, but only when the sound-animal pairings are typical. This indicates infants possess pre-existing expectations about animal sounds.

Keywords:

categorization category–property links generalization inductive reasoning infancy

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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

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Last Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

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Published on: April 19, 2017

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Science
Animal Behavior

Background:

Inductive reasoning is crucial for cognitive development.
Early generalization abilities in infants lay the groundwork for later reasoning skills.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate 11-month-old infants' ability to generalize properties to category members.
To explore the conditions influencing property generalization in early development.

Main Methods:

Three experiments tested 113 infants (11 months old) on property generalization within cat and dog categories.
Infants were familiarized with animal-sound pairings and tested on generalization to new exemplars.

Main Results:

Infants generalized sounds to similar and dissimilar new category members after typical familiarization.
Mismatched or unfamiliar sound-animal pairings led to a failure in learning and generalization.
Pre-existing expectations about characteristic sound properties influence infant generalization.

Conclusions:

Eleven-month-olds can generalize properties, but this ability is constrained by prior knowledge and typical associations.
Infants' generalization abilities are modulated by the typicality of learned associations.
Understanding these conditions provides insight into the development of inductive reasoning.