DeepLRHE: A Deep Convolutional Neural Network Framework to Evaluate the Risk of Lung Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis...

It is critical for patients who cannot undergo eradicable surgery to predict the risk of lung cancer recurrence and metastasis; therefore, the physicians can design the appropriate adjuvant therapy plan. However, traditional circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection or next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based methods are usually expensive and time-inefficient, which urge the need for more efficient computational models. In this study, we have established a convolutional neural network (CNN) framework called DeepLRHE to predict the recurrence risk of lung cancer by analyzing histopathological images of patients. The steps for using DeepLRHE include automatic tumor region identification, image normalization, biomarker identification, and sample classification. In practice, we used 110 lung cancer samples downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to train and validate our CNN model and 101 samples as independent test dataset. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for test dataset was 0.79, suggesting a relatively good prediction performance. Our study demonstrates that the features extracted from histopathological images could be well used to predict lung cancer recurrence after surgical resection and help classify patients who should receive additional adjuvant therapy.