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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

6.6K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
6.6K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

4.5K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
4.5K
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.1K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
6.1K
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

3.8K
Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
3.8K
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

5.6K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
5.6K
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

3.4K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
3.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

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Circulating Irisin Level and Thyroid Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Dan Shan1,2, Li Zou3, Xijiao Liu4

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

Biomed Research International
|November 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Irisin levels are decreased in hypothyroidism, particularly in clinical and autoimmune forms. No significant changes in irisin were observed in hyperthyroidism or after correcting hypothyroidism with levothyroxine treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones and irisin significantly impact human metabolism.
  • Similarities between thyroid hormones and irisin have prompted research into irisin levels in thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies examining irisin levels in patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
  • To explore potential correlations between irisin levels and thyroid function markers.

Main Methods:

  • Adherence to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis.
  • Comprehensive literature search across eight databases (inception to April 2020).
  • Inclusion of 11 studies (1210 participants) with subgroup analyses and quality assessment (NOS, Egger's test).

Main Results:

  • Pooled analysis revealed significantly decreased irisin levels in hypothyroidism (MD -10.37).
  • Subgroup analysis showed further reductions in clinical-type and autoimmune hypothyroidism.
  • No significant differences in irisin levels were found in hyperthyroidism or after levothyroxine treatment to achieve euthyroid status.
  • Correlations indicated a negative association between irisin and TSH, and positive associations with fT3, fT4, and TSH receptor antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Hypothyroidism is associated with reduced irisin levels, with greater reductions observed in specific subtypes.
  • Irisin levels do not appear to be altered in hyperthyroidism or normalized after treatment-induced euthyroidism.
  • Irisin may play a role in thyroid hormone regulation and autoimmune thyroid disease.