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Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
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Assessing Human Health Risks from Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS)-Impacted Vegetable Consumption: A Tiered

Juliane B Brown¹, Jason M Conder², Jennifer A Arblaster³

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology

|November 17, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in irrigation water can contaminate vegetables. Dietary exposure is highest for young children, and current drinking water advisories may not protect against PFASs in crops.

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Published on: August 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Food Safety

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination in irrigation water poses risks to human health via food crops.
Crop uptake is a significant exposure pathway for PFASs.
Regulators are concerned about potential health impacts from PFAS-contaminated food.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate daily dietary exposure to PFASs in vegetables for different age groups.
To determine risk-based threshold concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in irrigation water.
To assess the protective capacity of current drinking water advisories against crop exposure.

Main Methods:

Monte Carlo simulation in a tiered stochastic modeling approach.
Calculation of daily dietary exposure intake for children and adults.
Estimation of risk-based threshold concentrations using toxicity reference values (RfDs).

Main Results:

Dietary exposure to PFASs from vegetables was highest for young children (1-2 years).
Estimated threshold concentrations for PFOA and PFOS in irrigation water were 38 ng/L and 140 ng/L, respectively.
Real-world data indicated that estimated exposures often exceeded RfDs, confirming water-to-crop transfer.

Conclusions:

Consumption of vegetables irrigated with water meeting drinking water advisories may not be protective against PFAS exposure.
Water-to-crop transfer of PFASs is a critical exposure pathway for communities using contaminated irrigation water.
Further assessment is needed to ensure food safety concerning PFAS contamination.