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Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Updated: Nov 30, 2025

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Bladder Cancer: A Review.

Andrew T Lenis1, Patrick M Lec1, Karim Chamie

  • 1Institute of Urologic Oncology (IUO), Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.

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|November 17, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment have advanced significantly. New therapies, including immunotherapy and targeted drugs, offer expanded options for muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer beyond traditional treatments like bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer is a common malignancy with a spectrum from non-invasive to aggressive forms.
  • Risk factors include advanced age, male sex, and smoking.
  • Tumors present with hematuria, requiring evaluation via cystoscopy and imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving diagnostic and treatment landscape of bladder cancer.
  • To highlight advancements in managing non-muscle-invasive, muscle-invasive, and advanced bladder cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic modalities including enhanced cystoscopy.
  • Discussion of treatment strategies for different stages of bladder cancer.
  • Exploration of emerging therapies such as immunotherapy and targeted agents.

Main Results:

  • Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains standard for intermediate/high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  • Enhanced cystoscopy improves tumor detection and may reduce recurrence.
  • Treatment for muscle-invasive and advanced disease has expanded significantly.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular and genetic insights are driving changes in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment.
  • Immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and antibody-drug conjugates are crucial for advanced disease.
  • Therapeutic options for bladder cancer continue to expand, improving patient management.