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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation

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RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

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Circular RNA, the Key for Translation.

Anne-Catherine Prats1, Florian David1, Leila H Diallo1

  • 1Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048, Inserm, Université de Toulouse UT3, 1, Avenue Jean Poulhes, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and functionally circularized mRNAs are now known to be translated, challenging previous beliefs about eukaryotic translation. This 5' end-independent translation mechanism plays a crucial role in disease and biotechnology.

Keywords:
3′UTRIRESMIRESRNA circularizationcircRNAm6Aribosometranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Previously, eukaryotic translation was thought to require linear mRNA with a 5' cap.
  • The discovery of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and m6A-induced ribosome engagement sites (MIRESs) revealed 5' end-independent translation initiation.
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and circularized mRNAs are increasingly recognized for their roles in cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the landscape of circular RNA and mRNA translation.
  • To highlight the mechanisms and implications of 5' end-independent translation.
  • To discuss the impact of RNA circularization on disease and biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on RNA translation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms promoting 5' end-independent translation initiation.
  • Discussion of the functional consequences of RNA circularization.

Main Results:

  • Covalently closed circRNAs are translatable, producing proteins with pathophysiological relevance.
  • Canonical mRNAs also exhibit functional circularization through various mechanisms, including interactions with initiation factors and m6A modification.
  • RNA circularization enhances translation efficiency by promoting ribosome recycling and faster initiation.

Conclusions:

  • RNA circularization, both covalent and non-covalent, is a prevalent mechanism in translation.
  • This understanding has significant implications for disease development and biotechnological applications.
  • Circular RNA translation represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of gene expression.