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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

2.1K
Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

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Quick, Coordinated and Authentic Reprogramming of Ribosome Biogenesis during iPSC Reprogramming.

Kejin Hu1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Cells
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is inefficient. This study reveals that ribosome biogenesis reprogramming is rapid and coordinated, contributing to the potency of iPSC generation.

Keywords:
OCT4/SOX2/KLF4/MYC (OSKM)RNA-seqfibroblastshuman embryonic stem cell (ESC)induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET)reprogramming legitimacyreprogramomeribosome biogenesistranscription profilingtranscriptome

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 30, 2025

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

12.5K

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation using OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC (OSKM) is a revolutionary but inefficient and slow process.
  • The underlying mechanisms of iPSC reprogramming potency remain largely unknown.
  • Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is considered an early step in reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ribosome biogenesis (RB) in the reprogramming process.
  • To understand the timing and coordination of RB reprogramming relative to other pathways like MET.
  • To correlate RB reprogramming dynamics with the efficiency and potency of iPSC generation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ribosome biogenesis (RB) global enrichment in human embryonic stem cells versus fibroblasts.
  • Assessment of RB network reprogramming dynamics during OSKM-induced pluripotency.
  • Comparison of RB reprogramming kinetics with the initiation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET).

Main Results:

  • Ribosome biogenesis (RB) is globally enriched in human embryonic stem cells compared to fibroblasts.
  • The RB network is reprogrammed rapidly and in a coordinated manner during OSKM-induced pluripotency.
  • Robust RB reprogramming occurs independently of substantial MET initiation.
  • This rapid RB reprogramming was consistent across different fibroblast lines.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid and coordinated ribosome biogenesis (RB) reprogramming is a key feature of efficient iPSC generation.
  • The observed RB reprogramming dynamics align with the potency aspect of OSKM-mediated reprogramming.
  • RB reprogramming is a crucial, early, and coordinated event that contrasts with the overall inefficiency of iPSC generation.