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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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When everything changes at once: finding a new normal after genome duplication.

Kirsten Bomblies1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) in plants can increase cell size and stress tolerance, driving adaptation and speciation. Newly polyploid lineages evolve rapid responses to manage physiological changes, establishing a new normal.

Keywords:
adaptationautopolyploidevolutiongenome duplicationphysiologypolyploidy

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a key driver of polyploidy, adaptation, and speciation in plants.
  • Understanding the immediate biological effects and evolutionary responses to WGD is crucial for comprehending novelty generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the consistent biological effects of WGD in plants.
  • To discuss the short- to medium-term evolutionary responses of newly polyploid lineages to WGD.
  • To explore how polyploidy generates novelty through adaptive evolutionary responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on new and evolved polyploids.
  • Analysis of genes under selection in polyploid populations.
  • Synthesis of findings on physiological and evolutionary changes post-WGD.

Main Results:

  • WGD consistently increases plant cell size and stress tolerance.
  • Cell size changes can challenge the function of specific cell types.
  • Evolutionary responses to WGD include locking in beneficial traits, emergency adaptations, and rapid return to diploid-like states.

Conclusions:

  • Polyploidy induces significant biological changes, necessitating evolutionary adjustments.
  • Polyploid lineages adapt by re-organizing physiological processes to find a new, conditionally adaptive equilibrium.
  • WGD is a powerful engine for generating biological novelty and driving evolutionary trajectories.