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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Formation of Species01:31

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach
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Population structure, diversifying selection, and local adaptation in Pinus patula.

Pablo Peláez1, Alfredo Ortiz-Martínez2, Laura Figueroa-Corona3

  • 1Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.

American Journal of Botany
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals significant adaptive genetic variation in Mexican pine (Pinus patula) varieties, indicating local adaptation crucial for forest conservation and management strategies.

Keywords:
Hyb-SeqPinaceaeadaptationclimate changeforest treesnatural selectionsingle nucleotide polymorphisms

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Processing the Loblolly Pine PtGen2 cDNA Microarray
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Area of Science:

  • Forestry science
  • Population genetics
  • Climate change adaptation

Background:

  • Climate change poses risks to forests globally.
  • Understanding conifer adaptation to changing environments is vital.
  • Intraspecific adaptive genetic variation is poorly understood in gymnosperms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate adaptive genetic variation in Pinus patula.
  • To explore genetic diversity related to phenotypic and environmental variation.
  • To identify genetic pools for conservation and forest management.

Main Methods:

  • Target enrichment and genome skimming were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • 61 individuals from two Pinus patula varieties were analyzed.
  • Population structure, haplotype networks, and outlier tests were performed.

Main Results:

  • Significant population structure was found between and within Pinus patula varieties.
  • High genetic diversity, low inbreeding, and rapid linkage disequilibrium decay were observed.
  • SNPs associated with abiotic stress and other functions correlated with climate variation, indicating local adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Pinus patula exhibits significant intraspecific adaptive genetic variation.
  • Distinct genetic pools and local adaptation signs are present.
  • Findings are critical for effective forestry and conservation efforts.