Fluctuations in the detection of the HOM effect

Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect is known to be one of the main phenomena in quantum optics. It is believed that the effect occurs when two identical single-photon waves enter a 1:1 beam splitter, one in each input port. When the photons are identical, they will extinguish each other. In this work, it is shown that these fundamental provisions of the HOM interference may not always be fulfilled. One of the main elements of the HOM interferometer is the beam splitter, which has its own coefficients of reflection [Formula: see text] and transmission [Formula: see text]. Here we consider the general mechanism of the interaction of two photons in a beam splitter, which shows that in the HOM theory of the effect it is necessary to know (including when planning the experiment) not only [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], but also their root-mean-square fluctuations [Formula: see text], which arise due to the dependence of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on the frequencies where [Formula: see text] are the frequencies of the first and second photons, respectively. Under certain conditions, specifically when the dependence of the fluctuations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be neglected and [Formula: see text] is chosen, the developed theory coincides with previously known results.