Single pencil beam benchmark of a module for Monte Carlo simulation of proton transport in the PENELOPE code

PENH is a recently coded module for simulation of proton transport in conjunction with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. PENELOPE applies class II simulation to all type of interactions, in particular, to elastic collisions. PENH uses calculated differential cross sections for proton elastic collisions that include electron screening effects as well as nuclear structure effects. Proton-induced nuclear reactions are simulated from information in the ENDF-6 database or from alternative nuclear databases in ENDF format. The purpose of this work is to benchmark this module by simulating absorbed dose distributions from a single finite spot size proton pencil beam in water.

Monte Carlo simulations with PENH are compared with simulation results from TOPAS Monte Carlo (v3.1p2) and RayStation Monte Carlo (v6). Different beam models are examined in terms of mean energy and energy spread to match the measured profiles. The phase-space file is derived from experimental measurements. Simulated absorbed dose distributions are compared to experimental data obtained with the ionization chamber array MatriXX 2D detector (IBA Dosimetry) in a water tank. The experiments were conducted with a clinical IBA pencil beam scanning dedicated nozzle. In all simulations a Fermi-Eyges phase-space representation of a single finite spot size proton pencil beam is used.

In general, there is a good agreement between simulated results and experimental data up to a distance of 3 cm from the central axis. In the core region (region where the dose is more than 10% of the maximum dose) PENH shows, overall, the smallest deviations from experimental data, with the largest radial rms (root mean square) smaller than 0.2. The results achieved by TOPAS and RayStation in that region are very close to those of PENH. For the halo region, that is the area of the dose distribution outside the core region reaching down to 0.01% of the maximum intensity, the largest rms achieved by TOPAS is always smaller than 0.5, yielding better results than the rest of the codes.

The physics modeling of the PENELOPE/PENH code yields results consistent with measurements in the dose range relevant for proton therapy. The discrepancies between PENH appearing at distances larger than 3 cm from the central-beam axis are accountable to the lack of neutron simulation in this code. In contradistinction, TOPAS has a better agreement with experimental data at large distances from the central-beam axis because of the simulation of neutrons.