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Irradiated Tree Nut Flours for Use in Oral Immunotherapy
Anusha Penumarti1, Nicole Szczepanski1, Janelle Kesselring1
1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Food Allergy Initiative, Chapel Hill, NC.
Background:
Tree nut allergies affect an estimated 1% of the US population and is lifelong in 90% of allergic individuals. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergies is an effective method to induce desensitization in a majority of participants in trials of peanut, egg, and milk OIT. Limited trials using tree nut OIT have been reported, possibly due to the lack of standardized drug products.
Objective:
Food products used in OIT are considered drugs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because they are intended to modulate the individuals' immune responses to the food allergens. As such, OIT drug products must meet FDA standards for acceptable levels of microbes and undergo testing for allergenic proteins. We aimed to determine the suitability of walnut, cashew, hazelnut, and almond flours for use in OIT trials.
Methods:
We employed gamma irradiation on commercially available walnut, cashew, hazelnut, and almond flours and tested their levels of microbial contamination, total protein, and allergen content, along with stability of these parameters over time.
Results:
Our results demonstrate that irradiation of tree nut flours greatly diminishes the levels of total aerobic bacteria, mold, yeast, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, whereas there are no substantial changes in total protein or allergen content. Importantly, the microbial levels, protein, and allergen content remained stable over a 24-month period.
Conclusion:
Irradiation of tree nut flours is a safe and effective method of processing to allow tree nut products to meet the FDA standards for OIT drug products.
