Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

1.1K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
1.1K
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

923
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
923
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

459
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
459
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

721
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
721
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

996
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
996
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

643
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
643

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evolving hemimedullary syndrome: A case report.

Science progress·2026
Same author

Multi-omics analysis reveals steroid hormone biosynthesis as a key pathway in advanced maternal age threatened abortion†.

Biology of reproduction·2026
Same author

Gut-ovary axis and multiomic insights into PCOS in a DHEA-induced rat model.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

GSDMD knockdown attenuates phagocytic activity of microglia and exacerbates seizure susceptibility in TLE mice.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2023
Same author

GSDMD knockdown exacerbates hippocampal damage and seizure susceptibility by crosstalk between pyroptosis and apoptosis in kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease·2023
Same author

Dl-3-n-butylphthalide promotes synaptic plasticity by activating the Akt/ERK signaling pathway and reduces the blood-brain barrier leakage by inhibiting the HIF-1α/MMP signaling pathway in vascular dementia model mice.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
09:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Published on: September 20, 2024

3.1K

Seizures in steroid-responsive encephalopathy.

Xin Xu1, Aolei Lin1, Xuefeng Wang2

  • 1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|November 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy, a group of brain disorders including autoimmune epilepsy, often presents with seizures. Understanding seizure patterns is key to improving patient outcomes with targeted treatments.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityCentral nervous systemSeizureStatus epilepticusSteroid-responsive encephalopathy

More Related Videos

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

19.7K
Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
09:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Published on: September 20, 2024

3.1K
Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

19.7K
Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Steroid-responsive encephalopathy encompasses diffuse brain injuries responsive to immunosuppressants.
  • Key conditions include Hashimoto's encephalopathy, limbic encephalitis, and autoimmune epilepsy.
  • Epilepsy and status epilepticus are primary clinical manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review seizure characteristics in various steroid-responsive encephalopathies.
  • To explore the commonalities in seizure generation across different etiologies.
  • To discuss antiepileptic drug treatments for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of steroid-responsive encephalopathy.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, seizure onset, and seizure types.
  • Discussion of treatment strategies, including antiepileptic drugs.

Main Results:

  • Steroid-responsive encephalopathy frequently manifests as epilepsy.
  • Autoimmune epilepsy is a recognized spectrum within CNS autoimmune diseases.
  • Seizure characteristics vary but share common underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying seizure patterns in steroid-responsive encephalopathy is crucial for prognosis.
  • Targeted treatment, including antiepileptic drugs, can improve patient outcomes.
  • Further research into shared pathogenetic mechanisms is warranted.