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Extrusion-based 3D printed biodegradable porous iron.

N E Putra1, M A Leeflang1, M Minneboo1

  • 1Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands.

Acta Biomaterialia
|November 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed 3D printed porous iron scaffolds for bone repair. These scaffolds exhibit controlled biodegradation and maintain mechanical strength, showing potential as a biodegradable bone substitute material.

Keywords:
3D printingBiodegradableBone substitutionIronMaterial extrusionScaffold

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Extrusion-based 3D printing enables fabrication of complex porous scaffolds from challenging materials like iron.
  • Porous iron scaffolds offer potential for improved biodegradation rates compared to bulk iron.
  • Limited research exists on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of 3D printed porous iron scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the in vitro biodegradation, electrochemical response, mechanical properties, and cellular response of 3D printed porous iron scaffolds.
  • To develop and optimize an ink formulation and 3D printing process for iron scaffolds.
  • To assess the potential of these scaffolds as biodegradable bone substituting biomaterials.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an iron-based ink and optimized extrusion-based 3D printing, debinding, and sintering parameters.
  • Characterized scaffold architecture (porosity, interconnectivity, strut density) using micro-computed tomography.
  • Assessed in vitro biodegradation (mass loss), electrochemical behavior, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 cells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated iron scaffolds with 67% porosity, 96% pore interconnectivity, and 89% strut density.
  • Scaffolds demonstrated a significantly reduced in vitro corrosion rate (7% mass loss over 28 days) compared to bulk iron.
  • Mechanical properties remained comparable to trabecular bone throughout the biodegradation period.
  • Direct cell culture showed reduced viability due to high iron ion concentration, but corrosion products were cytocompatible, promoting cell spreading.

Conclusions:

  • Extrusion-based 3D printing is a viable method for producing porous iron scaffolds with tailored properties.
  • Porous iron scaffolds exhibit controlled biodegradation and maintain mechanical integrity, suggesting suitability for bone regeneration.
  • Further development is warranted to optimize iron ion release for enhanced osteogenic potential while ensuring cytocompatibility.