Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Environmental Chemistry
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants originating from anthropogenic activities.
• PAHs exhibit recalcitrant properties, leading to widespread environmental contamination.
• These compounds pose significant risks, including toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, to living organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the primary sources, exposure pathways, and human health effects of PAHs.
• To systematically compile and discuss eco-friendly biological treatment solutions for PAH remediation.
• To provide an overview of emerging technologies and value-added by-product generation in PAH management.

Main Methods:

• Summarization of physical and chemical remediation techniques (e.g., filtration, adsorption, thermal treatment).
• Detailed compilation of biological remediation strategies, including microbial approaches (bacteria, fungi, algae) and integrated *in situ*/*ex situ* methods (land farming, phytoremediation, bioreactors).
• Discussion of factors influencing bioremediation efficiency and emerging multi-process treatments.

Main Results:

• Biological remediation offers eco-friendly alternatives to conventional PAH treatment methods.
• Microbial remediation, utilizing diverse microorganisms and various *in situ*/*ex situ* techniques, shows promise for effective PAH removal.
• Emerging technologies and value-added product generation present novel avenues for sustainable PAH management.

Conclusions:

• Bioremediation presents a sustainable and environmentally sound approach for addressing PAH pollution.
• Further research into microbial consortia, optimized bioreactor designs, and integrated treatment systems is crucial for enhancing PAH remediation efficacy.
• Exploring the generation of value-added products from PAH degradation can improve the economic viability of remediation efforts.