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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

12.2K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
12.2K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

3.3K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
3.3K
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3.5K
Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
3.5K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

3.4K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
3.4K
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

23.7K
According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
23.7K
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

11.2K
According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
11.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Multimodal Optical Microscopy Methods Reveal Polyp Tissue Morphology and Structure in Caribbean Reef Building Corals
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Multimodal Optical Microscopy Methods Reveal Polyp Tissue Morphology and Structure in Caribbean Reef Building Corals

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Ozone structure in Caribbean hurricanes.

Mark R Jury1,2, Ivan L Fontanez-Vazquez1

  • 1Physics Dept, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, 00681 USA.

Heliyon
|November 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Hurricanes exhibit a distinct low ozone layer near their core, indicating interaction with the environment and influencing storm intensity. This protective ozone envelope surrounds the hurricane, extending beyond heavy rainfall areas.

Keywords:
Atmospheric chemistryCaribbean hurricanesGeochemistryTropospheric ozone

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Meteorology
  • Satellite Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Upper tropospheric ozone (O3) plays a role in atmospheric dynamics.
  • Previous research highlighted the importance of high ozone concentrations in hurricane environments.
  • Understanding ozone's role in hurricane formation and intensity is crucial for forecasting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial distribution and significance of upper tropospheric ozone concentrations around hurricanes.
  • To analyze the relationship between low ozone concentrations and hurricane structure and intensity.
  • To explore the formation and lifting mechanisms of low ozone layers within hurricane circulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized model-assimilated satellite measurements of ozone data in the eastern Caribbean (15-20N, 60-68W).
  • Selected cases with upper tropospheric O3 below 60 ppb, further refining with convection and circulation criteria.
  • Analyzed two major hurricanes (Irma and Maria, 2017) focusing on wind patterns at 150 hPa (14 km) and O3 concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Observed divergence with ozone concentrations <50 ppb over the hurricane vortex at 150 hPa.
  • Identified upper tropospheric O3 >100 ppb west of hurricanes, associated with sinking motion and vortex outflow.
  • A distinct low ozone layer (<50 ppb) formed over the ocean, was lifted by the hurricane, and extended to about double the radius of heavy rainfall (>10 mm/h).

Conclusions:

  • Low upper tropospheric ozone concentrations near the hurricane core are a conspicuous feature, contrasting with previous findings.
  • The formation and lifting of this low ozone layer suggest significant vortex-environment interaction, vertical motion, and influence on storm intensity.
  • This low ozone layer acts as a protective envelope around the hurricane core, with implications for understanding storm dynamics.