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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

47.4K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
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Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

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COVID-19 Status Differentially Affects Olfaction: A Prospective Case-Control Study.

Kolin Rubel1, Dhruv Sharma1, Vincent Campiti2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

OTO Open
|November 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 positive patients report severe smell and taste loss. Early olfactory dysfunction is a key indicator for SARS-CoV-2 testing and treatment in symptomatic individuals.

Keywords:
COVID-19EQ-5DPHQ-4SARS-CoV-2anosmiacoronavirusdysgeusiarhinitisrhinosinusitis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain under investigation.
  • Early identification of COVID-19 symptoms is crucial for timely patient management.
  • Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are potential early indicators of SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate early and short-term rhinologic symptoms in patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing.
  • To assess olfactory ability and general quality of life in relation to SARS-CoV-2 status.
  • To identify potential early diagnostic markers for COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective case-control study conducted at an academic institution.
  • Adult patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled and categorized into positive and negative groups.
  • Validated patient-reported outcome measures, including SNOT-22, PHQ-4, EQ-5D, and Self-MOQ, were administered. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 positive patients reported significantly decreased sense of smell and taste on SNOT-22 compared to negative patients (P < .001).
  • Over 63% of positive patients reported severe smell/taste loss, with an odds ratio of 27.6.
  • No significant differences were observed in overall SNOT-22, PHQ-4, or EQ-5D scores between groups. Mean Self-MOQ scores were significantly higher in the positive group (P < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals experience significant olfactory and gustatory dysfunction.
  • Self-reported olfactory and taste impairment, assessed by Self-MOQ and SNOT-22, is a key differentiator between COVID-19 positive and negative patients.
  • These findings highlight the importance of olfactory dysfunction as an early clinical sign of SARS-CoV-2 infection.