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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Adjunctive Diode Laser Therapy and Probiotic Lactobacillus Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease

Adjunctive Diode Laser Therapy and Probiotic Lactobacillus Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease

Published on: May 9, 2022

Did Omics change periodontal therapy?

Magda Feres¹, Belén Retamal-Valdes¹, Cristiane Gonçalves²

¹Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.

Periodontology 2000

|November 23, 2020

Summary

Next-generation sequencing advances our understanding of the periodontal microbiome, identifying key pathogens and beneficial bacteria. While OMICS data offers future personalized treatment potential, current clinical practice remains largely unchanged.

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Genomics
Periodontology

Background:

Understanding periodontal disease etiology is crucial for effective treatment.
Complex oral biofilms and differentiating pathogens hinder progress.
DNA sequencing technologies offer new insights into the oral microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

To review studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze the periodontal microbiome.
To assess the impact of NGS findings on periodontitis treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of published association and elimination studies using NGS.
Analysis of taxonomic, functional, and transcriptomic data from periodontal biofilms.
Evaluation of interventional studies on periodontal microbiome treatment effects.

Main Results:

NGS confirms known periodontal pathogens and identifies new species.
Host-compatible and less-explored species are associated with periodontal health.
Periodontal biofilms are taxonomically diverse, functionally congruent, and cooperative.
Few interventional studies exist, with heterogeneous designs limiting conclusions.

Conclusions:

Current OMICS knowledge has not yet altered daily clinical practice for periodontitis treatment.
Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials monitoring identified species.
Metatranscriptomic data suggests potential for personalized periodontal therapies targeting host-microbiome interactions.