Mathematical and finite element analysis of spine injuries

A critical review of the anatomical, physiological, epidemiological, and biomechanical aspects of spine injuries are presented. These are discussed in light of the mechanical load that produces the trauma. Emphasis is given to the mathematical and finite element modeling aspects of spinal injury that focuses on the tolerance criteria. In the area of spinal mechanics, static and dynamic models are reviewed. Included are the continuum and discrete parameter models of the intact spine and finite element models of its components. A section on the role of constituent law in the assessment of trauma to the spine is given. Finally, a discussion follows on the future research in this domain.