Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

3.4K
As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
3.4K
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

2.0K
Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
2.0K
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

5.7K
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
5.7K
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

3.8K
Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
3.8K
Joints01:26

Joints

34.7K
Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
34.7K
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

2.8K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Co-design of a Mobile Stroke Unit pathway highlights uncertainties and trade-offs for viable system-wide implementation in the English and Welsh NHS.

BMC emergency medicine·2025
Same author

Modification and validation of the Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire (WHQ) for assessing surgical site infection in wounds healing by secondary intention.

Journal of tissue viability·2025
Same author

Impact of Heatwaves and Declining NO<sub>x</sub> on Nocturnal Monoterpene Oxidation in the Urban Southeastern United States.

Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres : JGR·2024
Same author

Adhesion-Lubrication Paradox of Articular Cartilage.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2024
Same author

Fiber reinforced hydrated networks recapitulate the poroelastic mechanics of articular cartilage.

Acta biomaterialia·2023
Same author

Association of physical activity with loss of knee joint space width over two years: a compositional data analysis in the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2023
Same journal

Retsat promotes synovial mesenchymal stem cell senescence and aggravates osteoarthritis by inhibiting the PPARγ/RXR heterodimerization pathway.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same journal

Effectiveness of a blended care intervention in physiotherapy with exercise and education for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis (SmArt-E): a multicentre pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same journal

Through the lens of light sheet, knee innervation shines.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same journal

Deep learning-based quantification of knee effusion-synovitis volume on MRI - Technique development and validation.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same journal

Mapping articular cartilage maturation across postnatal development by proteomics.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same journal

Effect of an oral complementary medicine combination for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
09:48

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.3K

Range-of-motion affects cartilage fluid load support: functional implications for prolonged inactivity.

J M Benson1, C Kook2, A C Moore1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA.

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
|November 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small joint movements, even less than the contact diameter, can sustain cartilage fluid load support (FLS). However, optimal FLS occurs with movements exceeding ten times the contact diameter, highlighting the biomechanical benefits of fidgeting.

Keywords:
CartilageContact migrationFidgetingFluid load supportJoint range of motion

More Related Videos

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid
09:58

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Published on: January 31, 2012

21.1K
Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants
09:08

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

Published on: May 14, 2020

4.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 29, 2025

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
09:48

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.3K
A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid
09:58

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Published on: January 31, 2012

21.1K
Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants
09:08

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

Published on: May 14, 2020

4.1K

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Joint movements are crucial for maintaining cartilage fluid load support (FLS) via contact migration and bath exposure.
  • Previous theories suggested prolonged inactivity might disrupt load-induced exudation, but this study experimentally investigates the required range of motion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test the hypothesis that joint range-of-motion must exceed contact length to sustain non-zero FLS.
  • To quantify the relationship between migration length, contact stress, and FLS in osteochondral explants.

Main Methods:

  • Bovine osteochondral explants were subjected to controlled sliding movements against glass spheres.
  • In situ deformation measurements quantified FLS under varying normal loads and migration lengths (0.05-7 mm).
  • Péclet numbers >100 confirmed fluid exudation conditions.

Main Results:

  • Non-zero FLS was sustained even at migration lengths below 10% of the contact diameter.
  • FLS peaked when migration track lengths were over 10 times the contact diameter.
  • Below this threshold, FLS decreased with increasing contact stress.

Conclusions:

  • Small movements like fidgeting and drifting can mitigate FLS loss during prolonged inactivity.
  • Quantitative limits for the biomechanical benefits of small movements were identified.
  • Movement patterns, load, and mobility significantly impact long-term FLS.