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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

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Olfactory Circuitry and Behavioral Decisions.

Kensaku Mori1, Hitoshi Sakano2

  • 1RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan;

Annual Review of Physiology
|November 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how the mouse olfactory system processes innate and learned odor signals, highlighting neural circuits for decision-making and perception during respiration.

Keywords:
innate and learned decisionsmitral cellsolfactory codingpyramidal cellsrespiratory cyclescene cellstufted cellsvalence cells in the amygdala

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Mammalian olfaction involves converting odor information into topographic maps in the olfactory bulb.
  • Mitral and tufted cells transmit olfactory signals to the olfactory cortex for behavioral outputs.
  • Specific mitral cell subsets project to the amygdala for innate responses, while both cell types inform the cortex for learned decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding neural circuits for olfactory decision-making in mice.
  • To investigate how the olfactory system imposes sensory quality on inputs for behavioral outputs.
  • To examine the processing of innate versus learned odor signals in relation to the respiratory cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on mouse olfactory neural circuits.
  • Analysis of signal transmission pathways from olfactory bulb to amygdala and cortex.
  • Examination of the role of respiratory cycles in olfactory perception and decision-making.

Main Results:

  • Odor signals are segregated for innate (direct to amygdala) and learned (via cortex) behavioral responses.
  • Behavioral scene cells integrate odor information with valence cells in the amygdala for memory-based responses.
  • Olfactory perception and decision-making are intrinsically linked to the respiratory cycle.

Conclusions:

  • The mouse olfactory system utilizes distinct pathways for innate and learned odor processing.
  • Neural circuits involving the amygdala and olfactory cortex are crucial for integrating odor information with behavior and memory.
  • Understanding these circuits provides insight into sensory quality, decision-making, and the influence of respiration on olfaction.