Potential anti-EBV effects associated with elevated interleukin-21 levels: a case report

Germinal center derived memory B cells and plasma cells constitute, in health and during EBV reactivation, the largest functional EBV reservoir. Hence, by reducing germinal center derived formation of memory B cells and plasma cells, EBV loads may be reduced. Animal and in-vitro models have shown that IL-21 can support memory B and plasma cell formation and thereby potentially contribute to EBV persistence. However, IL-21 also displays anti-viral effects, as mice models have shown that CD4⁺ T cell produced IL-21 is critical for the differentiation, function and survival of anti-viral CD8⁺ T cells able to contain chronic virus infections.

We present immunological work-up (flow-cytometry, ELISA and genetics) related to a patient suffering from a condition resembling B cell chronic active EBV infection, albeit with moderately elevated EBV copy numbers. No mutations in genes associated with EBV disease, common variable immunodeficiency or pertaining to the IL-21 signaling pathway (including hypermorphic IL-21 mutations) were found. Increased (> 5-fold increase 7 days post-vaccination) CD4⁺ T cell produced (p < 0.01) and extracellular IL-21 levels characterized our patient and coexisted with: CD8⁺ lymphopenia, B lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, compromised memory B cell differentiation, absent induction of B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) dependent peripheral follicular helper T cells (pT_FH, p = 0.01), reduced frequencies of peripheral CD4⁺ Bcl-6⁺ T cells (p = 0.05), compromised plasmablast differentiation (reduced protein vaccine responses (p < 0.001) as well as reduced Treg frequencies. Supporting IL-21 mediated suppression of pT_FH formation, pT_FH and CD4⁺ IL-21⁺ frequencies were strongly inversely correlated, prior to and after vaccination, in the patient and in controls, Spearman's rho: - 0.86, p < 0.001.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of elevated CD4⁺ IL-21⁺ T cell frequencies in human EBV disease. IL-21 overproduction may, apart from driving T cell mediated anti-EBV responses, disrupt germinal center derived memory B cell and plasma cell formation, and thereby contribute to EBV disease control.