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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

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Endoscopically removed rectal NETs: a nationwide cohort study.

Teaco Kuiper^1,2, M G H van Oijen³, M F van Velthuysen⁴

¹Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. t.kuiper@zha.nl.

International Journal of Colorectal Disease

|November 24, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopic resection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) up to 20 mm is safe for grade 1 tumors. This nationwide study found no metastases in G1 NETs after endoscopic removal, supporting current guidelines.

Keywords:

Endoscopic resection Neuroendocrine tumour Rectum Recurrence

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Clinical Application of Single-Surgeon, Three-Port, Laparoscopic Resection for Colorectal Cancer with Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction

Clinical Application of Single-Surgeon, Three-Port, Laparoscopic Resection for Colorectal Cancer with Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction

Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are often incidentally found during colonoscopy.
Complete endoscopic resection is standard for low-grade NETs up to 10 mm.
Safety of endoscopic resection for rectal NETs up to 20 mm requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the risk of lymph node and distant metastases in endoscopically resected rectal NETs.
To determine the safety of endoscopic resection for rectal NETs up to 20 mm.
To evaluate long-term outcomes following endoscopic resection of rectal NETs.

Main Methods:

A nationwide study identified 310 endoscopically resected rectal NETs (1990-2010) from the national pathology database (PALGA).
NETs were stratified by size, grade, and resection margin.
Follow-up data was collected until February 2016.

Main Results:

No lymph node or distant metastases were observed in grade 1 (G1) rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) up to 20 mm.
Metastases were only identified in 3 patients (1%) with grade 2 (G2) NETs.
The median follow-up period was 11.6 years.

Conclusions:

Endoscopic resection of G1 rectal NETs up to 20 mm is safe, with no observed lymph node or distant metastases.
Findings support the ENET guideline recommending endoscopic resection for G1 NETs up to 20 mm.
Long-term follow-up confirms the safety of this approach for selected rectal NETs.